Heat and chronic disease: how to cope in high temperatures

What is the danger of hot weather for people with chronic conditions? 

When the body is exposed to high temperatures, it activates several mechanisms to maintain its internal temperature at around 37°C. Sweating, vasodilation (dilatation of blood vessels) and increased cardiac output normally enable excess heat to be dissipated. However, in cases of intense or prolonged heat, these mechanisms can become exhausted, leading to overheating of the body. In people with chronic diseases, these physiological responses are often impaired, less effective or more dangerous to activate, which significantly increases the risk of complications.

A disruption in the mechanisms of thermal regulation

Heat causes loss of water and minerals, which can lead to dehydration, low blood pressure, electrolyte imbalances and hyperthermia. The heart must compensate by increasing blood flow, while the kidneys manage a reduced fluid volume. A healthy person's body generally adapts. However, in the case of chronic conditions, thermal regulation becomes more difficult and risky.

Conditions most commonly affected by heat 

Cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, high blood pressure and coronary heart disease, reduce the heart's ability to increase its activity to support cooling mechanisms. This can lead to low blood pressure, edema or cardiac decompensation.

Chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) impair blood oxygenation and make breathing more difficult in hot, dry or polluted air.

Diabetes affects temperature regulation in several ways: neuropathies disrupt sweating, the sensation of thirst is impaired, and dehydration promotes blood sugar imbalances.

Neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or Parkinson's disease, disrupt the nerve signals responsible for thermoregulation, increasing the risk of heat intolerance.

Inflammatory, autoimmune or renal diseases compromise the body's ability to properly eliminate heat and toxins, increasing the risk of heat overload.

Several factors increase vulnerability to heat. Certain medications (diuretics, psychotropic drugs, blood pressure medications) disrupt thermal regulation or cause dehydration. Advanced age reduces the sensation of thirst and the ability to adapt. Social isolation delays access to help or preventive measures. Finally, dependency or disability can limit the ability to hydrate, cool down or ask for help

How can you know that heat is affecting your health?  

In hot weather, certain signs should raise alarm. They often indicate that the body is having difficulty regulating its temperature or that a chronic condition is aggravating. Spotting them early can help prevent complications.

Heat-related symptoms:  

• Unusual tiredness, general weakness,
  
• Headaches, dizziness, balance problems,
  
• Muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting,
  
• Hot flushes, dry skin, feeling intensely hot,
  
• Signs of dehydration: dry mouth, dark urine, infrequent urination,
  
• Difficulty concentrating, incoherent speech, confusion or even loss of consciousness.

Symptoms of your chronic condition that can be aggravated by heat:  

• Shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain or edema in cases of heart disease,
  
• Asthma attacks or increased dyspnea in cases of COPD,
  
• Abnormal blood sugar levels (hypo- or hyperglycemia) in people with diabetes,
  
• A recurrence or worsening of motor or neurological disorders (extreme fatigue, dizziness, walking difficulties) in neurological diseases,
  
• Reduced tolerance to usual medications, or the appearance of unusual side effects.

If symptoms worsen despite rest and hydration, or if your condition deteriorates, seek medical help immediately. In case of serious symptoms such as loss of consciousness or breathing difficulties, call 999 or go to the hospital.

What can you do to cope with high temperatures?  

A few simple steps can help limit the effects of heat, prevent complications and maintain comfort on a daily basis. 

Stay hydrated 

Drink regularly, even if you are not thirsty, in small amounts throughout the day. Choose water, fresh herbal teas or cold soups, and avoid sugary, alcoholic or caffeinated drinks, which increase dehydration. If you are undergoing specific treatment, you may need to see your doctor to adjust your doses.

A light, hydrating meals

During hot weather, eat light meals. Choose fruits and vegetables with high water content, such as melon, cucumber, or tomato. Avoid fatty, salty, or heavy dishes. If you are following a specific diet, ask a healthcare professional for advice.

Light clothes 

Wear loose, light-colored clothing made from natural fabrics such as cotton or linen, which allow your skin to breathe. Avoid synthetic materials. When outdoors, protect yourself with a hat, sunglasses and, if necessary, a fan.

Cool environment, even without air conditioning 

Ventilate early in the morning or in the evening. During the day, keep shutters and curtains closed. A fan with a damp cloth, a mist sprayer or a wet towel can help you cool down. Avoid ice-cold water; opt for a lukewarm shower instead. If necessary, spend a few hours in an air-conditioned place.

Exercise: adjust or take a break 

Avoid strenuous physical activity between 12 noon and 5 p.m. Opt for gentle exercise during the cooler hours of the day, reducing the intensity and taking breaks. Listen to your body, and if you feel unwell, postpone your exercise.

Medication and heat: caution!

Heat can affect the effectiveness or tolerance of certain drugs. Never change your dosage without medical advice. Store your medicines away from heat or in the refrigerator if necessary. If you experience any unusual symptoms or forget to take your medicine, contact a healthcare professional immediately.

Can your mental state also be affected by heat?  

High temperatures can affect your mood, cause a loss of concentration, disrupt sleep and increase fatigue. For vulnerable or isolated people, this can reinforce the feeling of loneliness.

To maintain your psychological well-being, it is helpful to stick to small routines. Treat yourself to a pleasant moment every day, such as reading, listening to music or doing crafts. Keep in touch with your loved ones, even from a distance, and, if possible, go out to a cool or shaded place.

Take breaks during the day. A short nap or a quiet moment in a cool room can help compensate for a restless night. Breathing techniques or gentle relaxation can also reduce stress. If anxiety becomes too overwhelming, don't hesitate to talk to a loved one or a professional. Recognizing your limits is also a way of protecting yourself.

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