Does prostate cancer run in your family? Here's what you need to know about screening.

Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the prostate gland, a small organ located just below the bladder in men. It is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the US.

Most cases occur after the age of 65, and while many prostate cancers grow slowly and remain asymptomatic for a long time, some can be more aggressive. Due to its high prevalence and the role of family-related risk factors, targeted screening is especially important.

Is prostate cancer hereditary?

While prostate cancer isn’t always hereditary, having a family history does significantly increase your risk. If your father, brother, or multiple relatives have had prostate cancer, your chances of developing it at some point in your life are much higher.

Some inherited genetic mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (commonly associated with breast and ovarian cancer) also increase the risk of prostate cancer. Men who carry these mutations may not only face a higher risk but may also develop the disease at a younger age.

What are the main risk factors for prostate cancer?

Age is the most significant risk factor, with most prostate cancers developing after age 65. However, family history is the second most important factor. Your risk increases further if a close relative was diagnosed at a young age, or if several family members are affected.

Lifestyle also matters. Diets high in animal fat, obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity may contribute to a higher risk of prostate cancer.

Should you get screened if a relative had prostate cancer?

In general, the answer is yes, but it depends on your individual situation. Prostate cancer screening isn’t recommended for all men by default. However, men with increased risk, especially those with a family history, should have a conversation with their GP or urologist.

A healthcare professional can help assess your level of risk and recommend a personalised screening schedule. Early detection can help identify cancers at a localised stage, when treatment is often more effective.

That said, screening may also detect slow-growing tumours that might never have caused harm. That’s why a tailored approach, with shared decision-making between doctor and patient, is crucial.

How is prostate cancer screened?

The most common screening test is the PSA blood test, which measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. High levels of PSA can indicate a problem, though they don't always mean cancer.

A digital rectal exam (DRE) is also commonly used. This allows the doctor to feel the prostate and check for abnormalities in size or texture.

If there is any doubt, further tests such as an MRI scan or a biopsy may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis.

What symptoms should you watch for if you have a family history?

Prostate cancer often develops silently, without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. That’s why screening is especially important for men with a family history.

However, certain signs may warrant medical attention, such as:

• Difficulty urinating
• Frequent urges to urinate, especially at night
• Blood in urine or semen
• Pain in the lower back or pelvic area

These symptoms don’t always indicate cancer but should prompt a consultation with a healthcare provider.

How can you reduce your risk and monitor your health?

Even if you’re at higher risk due to family history, there are steps you can take to protect your prostate health. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fibre, along with regular physical activity, may help lower your risk.

For men with a family history of prostate cancer, regular follow-up with a urologist is essential. These appointments allow you and your doctor to determine the right time to begin screening and adjust monitoring based on your age, genetics, and lifestyle.

Key takeaways

Prostate cancer is a common disease, and the risk increases with age and family history. If your father or brother has had prostate cancer, it’s a good idea to talk to your doctor early about whether and when to get screened.

While genetics don’t determine everything, they do call for increased vigilance. Early, personalised care and regular monitoring can make a significant difference in outcomes and peace of mind.

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Take care!